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Ted Serios
Theodore "Ted" Judd Serios (November 27, 1918 – December 30, 2006)〔(About Ted Serios ) by Leonardo Sirios.〕 was a Chicago bellhop known for his production of "thoughtographs" on Polaroid film.〔
〕 He claimed these were produced using psychic powers. Serios' psychic claims were bolstered by the endorsement of a Denver-based psychiatrist, Jule Eisenbud (1908–1999), who wrote a book called ''The World of Ted Serios: "Thoughtographic" Studies of an Extraordinary Mind'' (1967) arguing that Serios' purported psychic abilities were genuine.〔Jule Eisenbud. (1967). ''The World of Ted Serios: "Thoughtographic" Studies of an Extraordinary Mind''. Morrow. ISBN 978-1117065625〕 However, professional photographers and skeptics have debunked Serios and his photographs as fraudulent.〔Terence Hines. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-1573929790〕〔Len Peyronnin. (2011). (''Psychic Projections Were a Hoax'' ). The Chronicle of Higher Education. "Anyone who knows anything about this issue knows that Mr. Serios was long ago exposed and thoroughly debunked as a fraud. This was done with absolute certainty by professional photographers Charlie Reynolds and David Eisendrath in the October 1967 issue of Popular Photography. Serios was observed, when he thought no one was looking, sticking pictures into his "gizmo," a tube he held between his head and the camera lens. That some claim he produced images without the tube, and at some distance from the camera, is easily attributed to double exposure or use of previously made exposures, followed by the fake snapping of a picture."〕
== History and method ==
Serios was an unemployed bellhop when his claims that he had the ability to put images on film with his mind came to the attention of Eisenbud.〔 He was tested by Eisenbud at Denver over a period of three years.〔Leonard Zusne, Warren Jones. (1982). ''Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Extraordinary Phenomena of Behavior and Experience''. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 411. ISBN 978-0898590685〕 Serios' technique was to hold a small cylinder, or tube, up to the lens of an instant camera, which was then pointed at his forehead and the shutter released. He would often be drunk, or at least have been drinking, when he produced his photographs.〔John Thomas Sladek. (1974). ''The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Science and Occult Beliefs''. Stein and Day. p. 218. ISBN 978-0812817126〕
Serios' images were most often blank or black. Occasionally, a fuzzy image would be seen that could be interpreted in many different ways (cf. pareidolia), but on rare occasions a relatively clear and identifiable image showed up although often appearing surrounded by dark areas on the film.〔James Randi. (2011). (''Those Spooky Photos Are Back...'' ). James Randi Educational Foundation.〕 On some occasions, his photos appeared to be distorted, or altered versions of real places or images, e.g., one such photo seemed to be of Eisenbud's ranch showing the barn as a different structure to the reality. Another photograph depicted part of a building later identified as a hangar belonging to the Air Division of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, however in the photograph there was a misspelling "CAINADAIN" for "CANADIAN" on the imaged sign.〔Alfred Douglas. (1982). ''Extra-Sensory Powers: A Century of Psychical Research''. Overlook Press. p. 301〕〔John Fairley, Simon Welfare. (1984). ''Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers''. Putnam. p. 78〕 Eisenbud attempted to prove that previously unidentified photographs were actually of the surface of Ganymede. In Eisenbud's own words, "Unfortunately, I couldn’t get an astronomer or optical scientist to agree."〔Jule Eisenbud. (1983). ''Parapsychology and the Unconscious''. North Atlantic Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-1556431388〕
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